Emancipation Essays - Semitic Peoples, Jewish Ethnic Groups

Emancipation Of Jews The transition of Jews through history is one, which is complex and took place over a long period. There are many factors, which contributed to the change of the status of Jews within their world and changes in their status as well; these changes affected the religious and cultural values of European Jews, which lead to an alteration in their own perception, as well as the surrounding populace. There are several opinions as to how non- Jews perceive the issues that led to Emancipation of Jewish people. Prior to the period of Emancipation there were three main characteristics which defined the traditional Jewish communities of Europe. These three aspects are community, autonomy and torah (religion). IN relation to Torah, there is a common yearning to return to their homeland in Eretz Yisrael. As it is known from the Greek era, the purpose of a state or community was to glorify one's own religion and as a result, Jews could not be members of a Christian state. Therefore, they had no choice but to form their own communities within the larger Christian State. A Jew is a member of the Jewish nation and people and religion is what defined your life and place in society. Virtually everything revolved around the community; decisions were made with the impact of the community in mind. An essential aspect of this community was the conceptions of ghettos; Jews lived, worked, and played in these ghettos. These ghettos kept the Jewish community contained, and also provided a sense of separatism from outside influences. " The point can also be made that separation was in fact a contributing factor to healthy relations (between Jews and non- Jews)...with their concern for lack of clear boundaries, the ghetto kept boundaries clear and fears in check" . If one did not live in a community, one did not have an identity. This was especially important in the case of ex-communication, because once one was ejected out of the community, it was almost impossible to join another. The notion of autonomy possibly was a result of the ghettos. Since Jews lived in these ghettos they were separate from the outside community. It was within the ghetto, which Jews were able to make and enforce their own laws and practices. However, there remained interrelations with the "outside" world, usually through the community leaders or representatives. This form of power gave Jewish leaders the ability to pursue endeavours, which they felt would benefit the Jewish community. The laws in these ghettos were based on Jewish law and were carried out by the Rabbis, spiritual leaders of the community or even recognised wise men who were elected into the position. It is important to remember that while the Jews lived in a self-governing entity, it remained within a particular framework set up by the local Christian authorities. The Torah (religion) was the common bond all Jews had; it was the Torah, which was the basis for all Jewish law. It was the Torah, which aided the Rabbis to compose the laws of the communities. Another function of the Torah was the fact that it did/does hold Jews from around the world together, regardless of borders and wealth, it is the common bond or glue of universal Judaism. The Torah, along with the Talmud (Rabbinical interpretation of Torah) are what help guide the Jewish people to practising good behaviour and good deeds, to speed up the arrival of the Messiah and the return to Eretz Yisrael. It is due to these three factors that the traditional Jewish communities of Europe were able to maintain themselves and in most cases even prosper. This segregation from Christian society pleased both cultures because there was a lack of integration, hence lack of threat. Many factors led to the change in the status of Jews, and these changes had profound effects of the religious and cultural values of traditional Jews. Both the Industrialisation and the Enlightenment contributed significantly to the change in status of Jews. However, it is important to mention that many Jews of Europe, specifically Spain, were exiled for their religious convictions and forced to practice in secret, which allowed Jews to practice as individuals and follow their own laws without the strict adherence to a Rabbi as an authority figure. This set into motion of sense of individualism for Jews and allowed them to practice more independently. Industrialisation marked a significant shift in society, society metamorphasized into an industrial society from the traditional agrarian one, which previously existed. The introduction of urbanisation resulted in

Essay on The Great Gatsby

Essay on The Great Gatsby Essay on The Great Gatsby The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald In F. Scott Fitzgerald's 'The Great Gatsby' he proves the American dream to be nothing people pretending to be something they're not in hopes of a better life. So is the American dream still a living dream today? Well you would think it would be because you still hear some people still talk about it here and there, so that's what I hoped to find out. Here are some things I discovered in the process. It seems the American dream is very popular in American Literature. While it is quite popular in others 'The Great Gatsby' is the most widely known book for the American dream. One of the greatest examples in the book of the American dream is Jay Gatsby. Even though this is true, all the characters in the book (except for one) believe it totally and completely revolves around wealth. Fitzgerald’s unique expression of the American dream lacks the sense of fulfillment that you would believe to be associated with the American dream. The main reason people wanted a part of the American dream was the idea of wealth. There were, however, other reasons. One reason was so they could be better off than they were before. Gatsby had dreamed of a better life since he was a kid. So in order for him to try to achieve his dream, he decided to change his name from Jay Gatz to Gatsby. The American dream was the dream of many people in the 20s and 30s but very few managed to achieve it. In the book, Gatsby’s dream was symbolized by the woman he loved but couldn’t have, Daisy. To him Daisy was wealth and she was the dream he wants to achieve. Throughout the book he tries hard to get her because she is the reason he acts the way he does. At the time he was trying to recreate his past and correct it while doing so. That is why he decided to change his name to Gatsby, because his parents were poor farmers and he wanted a life where people didn’t judge him based on his family. While trying to correct his past, he began getting into illegal stuff. Gatsby was in the drug and oil business and he claims he did what he did to achieve his dream. After he gets out of trouble, he becomes very upset because he thought Daisy would wait for him. If she truly loved Gatsby then she would have waited, but she never really loved him. The only thing she loved was wealth, so instead of waiting she married Tom because he had the wealth she was looking for. We learn that Daisy is very materialistic and a bit of a flake. Seeing how Gatsby doesn’t understand the traditions of East Egg City, he thinks he can win Daisy over with nice shirts. Trying to do this only makes things more difficult because he is unsuccessful. Daisy is selfish, careless, and really didn’t care about anyone else’s happiness but hers. This carelessness is what eventually caused her to kill Myrtle and not keep t hidden from anyone. It is possible that Daisy killed Myrtle because of what Myrtle believed about Tom. In the book, Myrtle believed that Tom was her one chance at the American dream and she would do whatever it took to achieve her dream. T om’s interpretation of the American dream is tied in with wealth and money like the other characters. Tom wanted everything an â€Å"important† person would have, and this is what inspired his American dream. Ferrysmawan says this about Daisy in his review of the book. â€Å"This shows how Daisy thinks about life and how happiness can be bought by not being aware and presumably by having money and being fooled with it. The results of her dream and the methods she used to accomplish her dream led to the unhappiness of her marriage. When she again tried to capture happiness whilst keeping her dream in front of her, it ended in the tragedy that the Great Gatsby depicts.† ‘Q

Ebook-Importance of technology in Retailing Assignment

Ebook-Importance of technology in Retailing - Assignment Example In the modern society and in the field of retail business, technology has taken a very significant role in the success of retail ventures (Jha, 2009). These different facets of technology include information systems like inventory control systems, customer record systems and business intelligence tracking (Jha, 2009, pp. 153). Due to the foreseen importance of technology in the working of modern retail business, this paper will explore the impact of technology on global retailing and also explore its impact on retail marketing in the UK. Further, the paper will explore the STP of retail marketing in the UK and also study the field of e-commerce. Advances in technology have led to an overlap in the traditional and the digital channels of retail marketing, which is evident from the dominant role of competitive intelligence and constant monitoring (Motorola Solutions, 2014). The trends that demonstrate the impact of technology in the global retail marketing field include that there has been a huge growth in the collection of customer-centric data. This information is used to offer indicators about the changes in the buying behaviours of customers (Deloitte). In the light of these modern global trends, visionary retailers have employed the technologies that personalize the shopping experiences of their customers; the implementation of these technologies has afforded better information and interconnectedness to customers (Motorola Solutions, 2014). The power of predictive data analytics has continued to offer retailers more access to structured and unstructured data; this change has enabled retailers to develop better insights about consumption trends and the behaviours of shoppers (Siegel, 2013). Forward-looking retailers are using different channels to do their retail marketing. The omnichannel outlook offers retailers, the opportunity to guarantee their

Heritage Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Heritage - Essay Example The repairs, alterations and exterior modifications protected the heritage values of the hall. This concept paper seeks to show the historical significance of Petone Labour Hall and the continued importance and identity to the community heritage despite its conversion into mainly a cinema hall. Under the severance, it is identified by the Map Number B5 on location 52 Bay Street, formally refered to as Petone Labour Hall and the legal description is Lot 70 DP 51.The building was constructed using bricks and reinforced with concrete. It comprises a large hall, a stage and a smaller lecture room located at the back. The Light House that is run in partnership with Upper Hut’s luxury 40-seat art house cinema has two theatres where unlike other theatres popcorn is prohibited (Leach et al n.pg). The special features in the Light house include the proposed insulation controls sound effects. The Light House is designed to screen movies that appeal to a larger and wider audience than those in the big chain multiplexes. Alongside the two theatres there are licensed coffee shops. The building was used mainly for entertainment purposes and now that it is a cinema hall, it does not mean it serves a different purpose. However, this preserved the building’s heritage value an d also restored its role as a community entertainment center (Leach and Moulis n.pg). The new face of the building has different accessibility levels from the ground, as well as, the ticketing area and the coffee shops. There are five cinemas access levels from the ground and in every level there are seats set aside for people with disabilities. For example, there are hearing loop for sound transmits directly to the hearing aid for individuals with hearing impairments. It also has an infrared system that consists of listening receiver and a transmitter. This feeds sound into the transmitter then to the individual

Globalisation and HRM

Globalisation and HRM This assignment discusses on the link between globalisation and HRM. It explains how HRM practices like recruitment and selection should be carried out in order to improve organisation performance and enhance important corporate aspects like how to dominate the global market. Human Resource Management is act of dealing with people in an organisation how to manage their behaviour and activities to increase profits. According to Decenzo and Robbins, (2004), and Bernardin, (2003), Human resources management (HRM) is the function within an organisation that focuses on recruitment of management and providing directions for the people who work in the organisation. Human resources management can also be performed by line manager and deals with issues related to people such as performance management, hiring, wellness, benefit safety, compensation, training and communication. In addition, HRM is the sense of getting things or work done through people. Its an essential part of every managers responsibilities, but many organisations find it advantageous to establish a specialist division to provide an expert service dedicated to ensuring that the human resource function is performed efficiently. Also how HRM processes should be in order to cope with global issues. The effect of globalisation on recruitment and selection is seen clearly now that organisations need to recruit people that are able to work in global situations and contribute to the global environment. According to Castells M, (2000), Globalisation is an inevitable phenomenon in human history that has been bringing the world closer through the exchange of products, information, goods, culture, services and knowledge. Over the last decades the pace of this global integration has become much faster and dramatic because of unprecedented advancements in science, communication, transport, technology and firms. So HR managers should understand how to cope with all these changes especially as many people prefer to get high quality products if they are offered from abroad. If companies understand this, they will reach organisational goals effectively. Saiyadain M (2004) According to Globalisation has contributed to various competencies which organisations have found effective to improving profit. Other positive aspects include financial organisation situations; where the developing counties have benefited from developed countries and financial organisations such as IMF (International Monetary Fund) and WTO (World Trade Organisation), where by these organisations invest money or commerce loans to the financial organisation. Also, globalisation has created thousands of jobs around the world and also has contributed to the growth of the worlds economy. In other contribution, globalisation has been effective to providing access to technological improvements and has also led to the reduction of barriers to trade. A market is what a business targets to benefit from by satisfying consumer needs. According to S. Skinner, (1998), a market is a social arrangement that allows buyers and sellers to discover information and carry out voluntary exchange of goods and services. Its one of the two key institutions that organize trade, along with the right to own property. Its importance to globalisation is to make the producer know what consumers of the market need at the moment in terms of satisfaction and organisation practices. Globalisation has made organisations to participate in local and international markets to improve quality of trade and the level of business operations. HRM needs to work on practical matters that affect their business because they need to cope with everyday changes and balance internal and external issues. There are issues over importance of communication or culture. These include issues about the rate of importance between background culture and adopted culture. However, it sometimes depends on the situation of the company. Contribution of the employee depends on the environment he or she is in. In case employing someone from a less developed country, training would be right measure for improvement. However, if he person is from a more developed region, then the HR department may want to just tech the person how to cope with the environment and the individual will be able to participate fully in everyday business. Capon C, (2004), Capon C, (2004), states that Development of global telecommunication infrastructures has led to success in establishing stable communication through service such as cell phones, internets, and satellites in the developing countries such Kenya, Uganda and Somalia. This has provided a link of third world countries to developed nations thus reducing world poverty. This point shows how important HRM is to the world, as recruiting the right person to telecommute can change the world. Globalisation has made trade liberalization; whereby every one can gain the movement to lower trade barriers and to open the world trade. It has increased the growth of goods and services, where people have got more income to improve the living standard in the society. Foreign competition is increasingly extending beyond the goods firms. Outsourcing of services in dorks, such as call centers. Its important to the business due to less cost. but is it morally acceptable by your customers. It improves cultural awareness between organisations, where it brings employees of different background of culture to work together without any conflict in the working environment. Saiyadain M (2004 Even though there are positive aspects, there are also negative issues that globalisation can cause. These include; Environmental pollution increases with globalisation as countries manufacture more products to satisfy demand. Also there is increase of carbon emissions to the atmosphere, whereby people are always traveling from one place to another, for example when and individual is assigned to work globally, he or she will have to travel by air thus contribute to air pollution. HR managers should act responsible and protect the environment. This could be done by limiting the number of trips carried out by the employees if possible, and also using transport means which are more environmental friendly. Capon C, (2004), Globalisation encourages development in already developed countries therefore leaving less developed countries to become poorer. Recruitment is the process of identifying that the organisation or company requires employing someone to the point at which application forms for the post have arrived at the company. According to Saiyadain, (2004), recruitment is the process where the organization gets people to work for them so as to be part of the organisation functions. A successful recruitment depends upon finding the right people with the necessary skills, knowledge, experience and qualifications to do the work required together with the ability to make a positive contribution to the values and aims of the company or organisation. Mendenhall M, (2007), Selection then consists of the processes involved in choosing from applicants, suitable or the right person to fill the post needed in the organisation with the right qualification. The selection process needs to be well carried out because HR managers may choose the wrong people and leave the right people. Matthewss J et al, (2004), states that, recruiting people who are wrong for the for the organisation can lead to increased labour turnover, increased costs for the organisation and lowering of morale in the existing workforce. Such workers are likely to be discontented, unlikely to give of their best and end up leaving voluntarily or involuntarily when their unsuitability becomes evident. They will not offer the flexibility and commitment that many companies seek. Managers and supervisors will have to spend extra time on further recruitment exercises, when is needed in the first place is a systematic process to assess the role to be filled and the type of skills and abilities needed to fill it. Most recruitment systems will be simple with stages that can be followed as a routine whenever there is a vacancy to be filled and which can be monitored and adapted in the light of experience. According to Dessler, (2005), The organisation should be aware that the provision of the disability discrimination Act 1995 not only makes it unlawful to discriminate against disabled individuals without justifiable reason but also require employers to make reasonable adjustments to the workplace arrangements. Brewster C et al, (2007) states that The employer has the legal responsibility to ensure that no unlawful discrimination occurs in the recruitment and selection process on the groups of race, age and religion. Equality of opportunity is an integral part of the recruitment and section process, and to these end employers may offer encouragement and training to any under represented group of workers. For example to the management development of woman who are under- presented in management grades. The world in which human resource managers exist and with which they interact is continually changing, generating new issues and challenges for HR managers to consider during recruitment. There are specific qualities that managers should look at when recruiting for specific functions in the organisation. With the increase in intensified competition among organisations in aspects of performance, productivity and competent expertise, HRM managers are faced with a challenge of recruiting professional staff to have a competitive advantage in the market. According to Porter M (1998) Competitive advantage is an advantages ove competitors gained by offering cunsumers greater value, either by means of lower prices or by providing greater benefits and services that justifies higher prices Although recruitment has always held an important place within organisations the growing demand for highly skilled staff has meant that effective recruitment practices are now becoming a considerable resource of competitive advantages used to improve performance. This recruitment and selection learning module is designed to prepare individuals and trainers to introduce effective recruitment and selection systems. In addition the learning pack clearly outlines how to introduce a supporting measurement system for the recruitment process to maximize both individuals and organisations efficiency. Capon C, (2004), states that, With the increased pace in globalization, organisations are now operating under a multicultural environment. Hence organisations face a challenge of recruiting knowledgeable, talented, and skilled employees from different background as they are able to manage internationally. Multicultural environments boost business performance since there are different views from participants. Capon C, (2004), states that, Moreover, the riding wave of technological innovation forces the HRM managers to recruit staff who posses the acquired knowledge need to operate new machinery, equipment which are equipped with the new knowledge E.g. the use of email and internet as tools of information provision and communication, the use of computer databases to hold staff information and generate reports. Pareek U, (2004), states that, Furthermore, with global standardization of policies practices and HRM philosophies, the HR needs to diversify their strategies. Also organizations need to react in a way that is satisfactory to both the employees and consumers. For example, HR manager should emphasize on employing people who know proper hygiene when preparing food for the customers, in three years ago MacDonalds food chain received complaints from his customer that the food prepared was not good for the health of people, whereby their food contained a lot of fat and other unhealthy contents. Thus individuals who used to be loyal customers had a risk of becoming obese. At the same time, workers left their work due to the complaints from customers. MacDonalds therefore lost a lot of customers in a certain point as before, but after sometime, they changed the way of preparing their food and how they offer their services, then the number of customers also increased much more than the previ ous. According to Bernardin, (2003) Meeting the expectations of the law, the employer has the legal responsibility to ensure that no unlawful discrimination occurs in the recruitment and selection process on the grounds of sex, race, disability, sexual orientation, age and religion. Equality of opportunity, its an integral part of the recruitment and selection process and to this end employers may offer training and encouragement to any under represented groups. Brewster C et al, (2007) states that, Employees and their representatives will also have an interest in fair, non discriminatory recruitment and selection policies, and they should be fully consulted when new procedures are introduced or existing procedures reviewed. The sex discrimination Act 1975, the race relation Act 1976 and 2000, the employment equality regulations and the disability discrimination ACT 1995 set out the legal requirements for employers. Capon C, (2004), States that, The organisations should be aware that the provisions of the disability discrimination Act 1995 not only make it unlawful to discriminate against disabled individuals without justifiable reason but also require employers to make reasonable adjustments to the workplace or working arrangements. Detailed guidance is available in the code of practice on the elimination of discrimination in employment. Robert et al (2004), and Dessler, (2005), Some of the issues which make the link between HRM and Globalisation more intensified include the rate at which the HR manager responds to Global-economic activities. For example if there is an absolute market in a different country, the HR department is responsible for defining means of which the business will perform in order to capture the market, including recruiting the right people for the job, and training them for them to learn how to develop. Pareek U, (2004), In conclusion, responding to intensified competition is crucial for an organisation since without competition its difficult to progress and offer excellent services. As a HR manager, understanding this concept will help the manager in defining exactly what the organisation prefers in terms of who to employ, and as a result, the right people will be employed for the job thus generate profit. In addition, the profit will even be high since the global economy has offered more market share to businesses. Reference Capon C, (2004), understanding organisational context 2nd Edition, Pearson education limited England. Brewster C et al, (2007) international human resource management, 2nd chartered institute of personnel and development, London. Pareek U, (2004), designing and managing human resource systems 3rd edition, Vijay Primlani, New Delhi. Mendenhall M, (2007), international human resource management, 4th Edition, Routledge, London. Matthewss J et al, (2004), human resource development 3rd edition Kogan page, New Delhi Decenzo, D and Robbins, S (2004), Personnel/Human Resource Management, Third Edition, Prentice Hall Inc, New Delhi. S. Skinner, (1998), Marketing, Houghton Mifflin, USA Bernardin J, (2003), Human Resource Management, Third Edition, Tata McGraw- Hall, New Delhi Robert C, et al (2004), Managing Human Resource, Third Edition, Pearson Education Inc, New Delhi Dessler G, (2005),Human Resource Management, Ninth Edition, Pearson Education, New Delhi Porter, M, (1998), Competitive Strategy, Free Press, USA Saiyadain M (2004), Human Resources Management, Third Edition, Tata McGraw- Hall, New Delhi

Pierre Bourdieu Essay -- Sociology, Habitus Stems

As a French sociologist, anthropologist, and philosopher, Pierre Bourdieu focuses on the role of practice and embodiment in social dynamics of power relations in life, which opposes Western traditions. He conceptualizes the notions of habitus and field, which disclose the construction in human society, which, according to him, should not be understood as applying a set of rules. Echoing Michel Foucault and Michel de Certeau, Bourdieu intents to analyze the interrelationship between social structure and social practice. His arguments are around a reconciliation of both external power generated from social structure and internal power produced by subjective individuality. Bourdieu transforms Max Weber’s notion of domination and social orders into his theory of fields, defining field as a setting in which agents and their social positions are located, a system of social positions that are structured in terms of power relationships. Fields, so to speak, â€Å"provide themselves with agents equipped with the habitus needed to make them work†(1980, 67). Bourdieu thereby claims that society can be seen as the sum of social objective relationships in the conditions of economic production and that it is the social agent should be emphasized in society. Bourdieu, although retaining structuralist concepts of social structures, argues that the reproduction of social structure is not constrained by the logic of social structure. Bourdieu describes habitus as the theory of the mode of the generation of practices. Habitus, according to Bourdieu, which is a â€Å"product of history† structured based on a set of acquired dispositions, is constituted in practice and is always â€Å"oriented towards practical functions†(1980, 52-54). That is, habitus ... ...uses construct practical space that organizes social relations ; Calendars structure practical time that organizes social works. System of classification, as embodiment of social order thereby subsumes subjective experiences and naturalizes â€Å"its own arbitrariness†(1977, 164). Doxa, the state of this naturalization, through censorship and exclusion, preserves a â€Å"universe of that which is taken for granted†(1977, 170) Bourdieu further argues that practices involve â€Å"a logic made to dispense with concepts†(1977, 116) but should not be described as logical processes. It is, instead of abstract logic, but body movements and actual practice should be analyzed with an investigation on the connection between body movements and classificatory system. The â€Å"language of the body†, according to Bourdieu, is more ambiguous to be analyzed than linguistic schemes(1977, 120).

Audience as Market vs Audience as Public Essay

The relevance of ratings is very crucial, for it is what determines the most looked after programs that give a hint of satisfaction from the audiences as consumers. It is a measure of response that helps producers and managers determine what type of programs are appropriate for a certain time of the day. It also tells something about the audience, generally, their age and program preference. The audience-as-market view was manifested through the many advertisements that can be found on the commercials or air-time allotted in-between television programs. (Ang, 1991, pp. 28) Most of the television programs were an also profit-making program that generates money from the emotions and satisfaction of the public domain. In a more traditional sense, wherein broadcasting is used as a means of transmitting information, the audiences are viewed as a public. In a broad sense it portrays public service through broadcasting. Those who take broadcasting in the traditional sense believe that they have a responsibility to provide information to the public domain or to their audiences. (Ang, 1991, pp. 29) Impact of Globalization There had been several changes in the broadcasting industry due to the innovations in technology and the advent of globalization. The new ways of delivering audio-visual information via satellite have tremendously increase the audience choice and made access to different programs a lot more cheaper (McQuail, 1997, pp. 9). An instance that shows the advent of globalization can be reflected on the different interactive programs use to generate funds and advertisements. In public service broadcasting, the latest innovations have made it easier to get and present information and news. By being interactive, it had been able to solicit questions and opinions from the audience that further create a more informed viewers. Conclusion Broadcasting is a money-making industry that was promoted by a capitalist institution. Although there were views that it is ought to be used and contextualize to serve the public, nevertheless, this view would only be a part of a larger cultural-market scheme. It is important to analyze the institutional framework that fueled the broadcasting industry in able for one to determine how analyze the audience. Due to the fact that it is the institutional framework which determines who are the audiences and how they are supposed to response and be address. Bibliography Ang, I. 1991Desperately Seeking the Audience, Routledge, London/New York, , pp. 26-32 McQuail, D. 1997Audience Analysis, Sage, Thousand Oaks, California, , pp. 1-11. Moores, S. 2000. Media And Everyday Life In Modern Society. Edinburgh University Press. Edinburgh. pp. 5-23 Schirato, T. and Yell, S. 1996`Communication and Culture`, Communication and Cultural Literacy: An introduction, Allen and Unwin, St Leonards, Sydney, , pp. 1-21 Schlesinger, P. Do Institutions Matter For Public Servic Broadcasting? University of Stirling, Scotland. Retrieved on August 12, 2007. Retrieved from www. ofcom. org. uk/consult/condocs/psb2/psb2/psbwp/wp2schles. pdf Thompson, J. 1997, `Mass Communication and Mass Culture` in O`Sullivan, Tim and Jewkes, Yvonne (eds), The Media Studies Reader, Edward Arnold Ltd, London, pp. 28-41 Williams, R. 1997`Mass and Masses` in O`Sullivan, Tim and Jewkes, Yvonne (Eds), The Media Studies Reader, Edward Arnold ltd, , pp. 18-27